KEY to STEEL :: Article

ENGLISH ESPAÑOL FRANÇAIS DEUTSCH ITALIANO ČESKÝ РУССКИ ROMÂNĂ العربية 中文 한국어 日本語

| HOME |  | SITE MAP

Quick Login | E-mail: |  |  |
Password: |  |  |

Key Benefits | How it Helps | Fact Sheet | Multiuser | FAQ | Contact | Order Now

|  | FONT SIZE |  | PRINT PAGE

News
Guided Tour
Articles

PowerDemo Online
Free Download

Login

# High-Strength Low Alloy Steels: New Generation

Abstract:
High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, or microalloyed steels, are designed to provide better mechanical properties and/or greater resistance to atmospheric corrosion than conventional carbon steels. They are not considered to be alloy steels in the normal sense because they are designed to meet specific mechanical properties rather than a chemical composition; HSLA steels have yield strengths greater than 275 MPa, or 40 ksi.

High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, or microalloyed steels, are designed to provide better mechanical properties and/or greater resistance to atmospheric corrosion than conventional carbon steels. They are not considered to be alloy steels in the normal sense because they are designed to meet specific mechanical properties rather than a chemical composition; HSLA steels have yield strengths greater than 275 MPa, or 40 ksi.

The chemical composition of a specific HSLA steel may vary for different product thicknesses to meet mechanical property requirements. The HSLA steels in sheet or plate form have low carbon content (C=0.05-0.25 [wt.%]) in order to produce adequate formability and weldability, and they have manganese content up to 2.0%. Small quantities of chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, nitrogen, vanadium, niobium, titanium, and zirconium are used in various combinations.

HSLA steels can be divided into six categories:

- Weathering steels, which contain small amounts of alloying elements such as copper and phosphorus for improved atmospheric corrosion resistance and solid-solution strengthening.
- Microalloyed ferrite-pearlite steels, which contain very small (generally, less than 0.10%) additions of strong carbide or carbonitride forming elements such as niobium, vanadium, and/or titanium for precipitation strengthening, grain refinement, and possibly transformation temperature control.
- As-rolled pearlitic steels, which may include carbon-manganese steels but which may also have small additions of other alloying elements to enhance strength, toughness, formability, and weldability.
- Acicular ferrite (low-carbon bainite) steels, which are low-carbon (less than 0.05% C) steels with an excellent combination of high yield strengths (as high as 690 MPa, or 100 ksi) weldability, formability, and good toughness.
- Dual-phase steels, which have a microstructure of martensite dispersed in a ferritic matrix and provide a good combination of ductility and high tensile strength.
- Inclusion-shape-controlled steels, which provide improved ductility and through-thickness toughness by the small additions of calcium, zirconium, or titanium, or perhaps rare earth elements so that the shape of the sulfide inclusions is changed from elongated stringers to small, dispersed, almost spherical globules.

The wide applications of HSLA steels include oil and gas pipelines, heavy-duty highway and off-road vehicles, construction and farm machinery, industrial equipment, storage tanks, mine and railroad cars, barges and dredges, snowmobiles, lawn mowers, and passenger car components. Bridges, offshore structures, power transmission towers, light poles, and building beams and panels are additional uses of these steels.

The choice of a specific high-strength steel depends on a number of application requirements including thickness reduction, corrosion resistance, formability, and weldability. For many applications, the most important factor in the steel selection process is the favorable strength-to-weight ratio of HSLA steels compared with conventional low-carbon steels. This characteristic of HSLA steels has lead to their increased use in automobile components.

The development of high strength steels is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Development of High Strength Steels

As shown in Figure 1, in the seventies, the hot rolling and normalizing was replaced by thermo-mechanical rolling. The latter process enables materials up to X70 to be produced from steels that are microalloyed with niobium and vanadium and have reduced carbon content. By this method, it has become possible to produce higher strength materials like X80, having a further reduced carbon content and excellent field weldability. Additions of molybdenum, copper and nickel enable the strength level to be raised to that of grade X100, when the steel is processed to plate by thermo-mechanical rolling plus modified accelerated cooling.

Natural gas is attracting attention as a source of clean energy because it emits less carbon dioxide than that of petroleum or coal. Furthermore, many long-distance pipelines have been constructed to transport natural gas. In view of these facts, high-strength line pipes X80 up to a strength grade of API 5L X120 are being developed for the purpose of enhancing the transport efficiency of a pipeline by high pressure operation and reducing pipe laying costs by the use of thinner- wall pipes.

In order to arrest running shear fracture and prevent brittle fracture, excellent low-temperature toughness is required of the base metal and the heat affected zone (HAZ) of a welded joint of such a high strength line pipe. In addition, the line pipe is required also to be excellent in weldability in order to improve pipeline construction efficiency. Pipelines constructed in permafrost or seismic regions are subject to a large bending moment caused by ground deformation, and for this reason, large uniform elongation or a low yield ratio has come to be required of a line pipe these years for the purpose of preventing ductile fracture.

The use of X80 line pipe in the construction of the first Ruhrgas X80 pipeline led to a material saving of about 20,000 t, compared with X70 pipes (Fig. 2), through a reduction of the wall thickness from 20.8 mm for X70 to 18.3 mm for X80. This resulted also in a reduction of the pipe laying costs, because of reduced pipe transportation costs and greatly reduced welding costs, as thinner walls meant reduced welding times. The use of materials with still higher strength, such as X100 or X120, could lead to further material savings, as Figure 2 further illustrates.

Figure 2: Possible material savings through use of high-strength material

The Nippon Steel Corporation has succeeded in developing an innovative technology to improve HAZ toughness called Super-High HAZ Toughness Technology with a Fine Microstructure Imparted by Fine Particles (HTUFF)®. By the developed technology, the coarsening of austenite (γ) grains is prevented, and as a result, the microstructure near a welding fusion line (FL) is made remarkably fine.

For improving uniform elongation and yield ratio, it is effective to form a dual-phase microstructure by applying a thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP). On the basis of these technologies, Nippon Steel has developed a new UOE pipe of an X60 to X80 class having excellent HAZ toughness and large uniform elongation called "Tough-Ace". This pipe was used for the Sakhalin pipeline project. Two types of X100 line pipes, namely a high HAZ toughness type and a high uniform elongation type, have also been developed with good results of deformability and the mechanical properties.

You want to be always up-to-date?
Apply to Key to Steel eNews and receive fresh, leading-edge technical information and knowledge from the World's Most Comprehensive Steel Database.

Search Knowledge Base

Enter a phrase to search for:

Search by | Full text Keywords | Headings Abstracts

Subscribe to Key to Steel Now The Worlds Most Comprehensive Steel Properties Database

Find out why the worldwide leaders like ABB, Alcatel, Alstom, Apple, Bao Steel, Benteler, Bentley, Black&Decker, Bosch, BP, ConocoPhillips, ChevronTexaco, Cummins, Dana, DaimlerChrysler, Delphi, Ford, General Electric, General Dynamics, Halliburton, Hitachi Metals, Honda, Hyundai, INA, Maxtor, MAN, Pirelli, Shell, Siemens, SKF, SSAB, Toyota, TRW, Thyssen-Krupp, Total, Volvo, TÜV and many others joined the Database in the last 12 months only.
And check out why are the high quality of services and focus to your needs multiply certified according to ISO 9001:2000 standards, the first in this industry.
Subscribe to full-featured Key to Steel Database Now Register to the free part of the Database Download Key to Steel Fact Sheet Download Key to Steel Price List
Key to Steel:: Trusted in 160 Countries

Key to Steel: Focus on Quality

Key to Steel offers you real, rock-solid and time-saving value.
Fingertip access to full-featured Key to Steel Database covers ferrous alloys properties from 34 countries/standards and includes:

- More than 900,000 records
- More than 80,000 alloys
- Chemical composition
- Standard reference
- Application guidelines
- Mechanical properties
- Heat treatment details
- Properties on elevated temperatures
- Fatigue properties
- Most comprehensive tables of equivalent materials worldwide.

High quality of Key to Metals AG activities is certified by German certification body TÜV CERT and by leading UK quality association UKAS.

| 138 |

View Quick Richmedia Tour Register to the free part of the Database Download Key to Steel Fact Sheet Download Key to Steel Price List Subscribe to full-featured Key to Steel Database
Key to Steel:: Trusted in 160 Countries

Be always up-to-date, FREE

Because Key to Steel updates are FREE for our Subscribers. Moreover, when you subscribe, you get:

- Unlimited number and frequency of accesses and searches from Key to Steel Database
- Complete Knowledge Base of articles
- FREE Web Database updates every month and Key to Steel Database software updates as soon as they are implemented (for Web Edition).
- Up to 12 on-line updates for your CD Database, within 12 months from date of purchase (for CD Edition).
- FREE Technical support and our special e-mail consulting services for additional information about steel materials.

Subscribe to full-featured Key to Steel Database Now Register to the free part of the Database
Key to Steel:: Trusted in 160 Countries

Discover NEW Key to Steel Multiuser Solutions
With the new Multiuser Solutions, you are getting the complete power of information and knowledge from the Key to Steel Database, always up-to-date, like it is your own, private resource, incorporated into your intranet. Find out more about these turn-key, maintenance-free solutions for you, visit Multiuser Solutions.

Terms of Use | | Key Benefits | | How it Helps | | Fact Sheet | | Multiuser | | FAQ | | Contact | | Order Now

Home | | Site Map

Key to Metals | | Key to Nonferrous

© 1999-2007 Key to Metals AG. All Rights Reserved.